Distillation

Distillation is a separation process used to separate different components of a mixture based on their boiling points.

Distillation is used in various industries and applications beyond oil and gas refining. Some common examples include:

• Chemical Industry: It is utilized in the production of solvents, pharmaceuticals, specialty chemicals, and many other products.
• Food and Beverage Industry: Distillation plays a crucial role in the production of alcoholic beverages such as whiskey, vodka, rum, and gin. It's used to separate alcohol from water and other components in fermented liquids.
• Water Treatment: Distillation is one of the methods used for water purification. It involves heating water to its boiling point to vaporize it and then condensing the vapor back into liquid form. This process effectively removes impurities and contaminants, producing distilled water.
• Petroleum Refining: Apart from crude oil refining, distillation is also used in the refining of other petroleum-derived products such as natural gas liquids (NGLs) and biofuels.
• Pharmaceutical Industry: In pharmaceutical manufacturing, distillation is used for the purification and separation of various drugs, intermediates, and active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs).
• Environmental Applications: Distillation techniques are employed in environmental remediation processes to separate and concentrate contaminants from soil, air, and water for treatment or disposal.
• Laboratory and Research: Distillation is a fundamental technique used in laboratories for the separation and purification of chemical compounds on a small scale.

In the context of petroleum refining, crude oil is heated in a distillation tower, and the various hydrocarbons present in the crude oil vaporize at different temperatures. The vapors rise through the tower, and as they cool at different heights, they condense back into liquid and collected at table trays.

Different fractions, such as gasoline, diesel, kerosene, and heavy fuel oils, are collected at different levels of the tower, with lighter fractions condensing at higher levels and heavier fractions condensing at lower levels.

Distillation doesn't involve chemical changes; it only separates the components of a mixture based on their physical properties, particularly boiling points.